Hate for Hate?

This is in response to Ezgi U's earlier post on answering violence with violence...

And speaking of the international labor market that creates cultural linkages...

From The Guardian: Inside the ‘Christmas village’ of Yiwu, there’s no snow and no elves, just 600 factories that produce 60% of all the decorations in the world: 

  Santa's Real Workshop (or is it sweatshop?)

WHY AMERICA!!!

WHY IMMIGRATION? By Saskia Sassen

  By this article and presentation, we will search the answer of “Why are policies so ineffective?” Not any other country receives as much as America does; people generally migrate to the USA because over the past 30 years, U.S. plays a very important role in the global economy. Sassen’s main argument is that migration is driven by historical and ongoing linkages that have been crafted between the USA and other countries, which create bridges for migration. We can say that the USA serves as a bridge for migration. America took some measures to decrease emigration but they all generally had opposite effects by encouraging migration. Above, the reasons of immigration are listed (high population growth, vast poverty and economic stagnation). However, they do not experience large scale emigration. For example, all migrant-sending countries are not poor like South Korea and Taiwan. The real reasons for migration are the linkages which were created by the U.S. government. Labor demand is also an important part of migration analysis.

  During the semester, when we talk about migration, we say that people migrate in order to find job, get better education and they migrate mostly to countries that are geographically near to them such as Mexico and America. And, generally say that these are the characteristics of migration. However, as Saskia Sassen says, we have to go beyond concept of national borders. We have to think about global economy and its consequences such as unequal job opportunities and unequal developments that forced people to immigrate. 

  Throughout the American history, lots of acts and laws were passed to stop and decrease the migration. However most of them were not useful. On the contrary of it, they created an opposite effect by encouraging the immigration. The data she provides make it clear, why it is so. Therefore, we agree with the writer because she makes very clever statements. Moreover, she supports her idea with the datas. The article easily affects the reader. So far, we always talked about other reasons of migration but this text provides us a new and different perspective. The historical evidences she gives are also very efficient to make the argument persuasive.

Links: 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQHHNuc-1uA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJOSsUeWPQw

Questions:

1)      Is it possible to understand the dynamics of contemporary migration without a historical account of global economy?

2)      What is your responses to the text and what Sassen talks about? Do you think that the main reason why America receives so many immigrants is because of it’s role in global economy? 

   

   Works Cited

 Saskia Sassen. "Why Migration?" N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Dec. 2014. <http%3A%2F%2Freimaginerpe.org%2Fnode%2F956>.

   Berivan Uğurlu- Pınar Ilgar 

Queering Migrations and Citizenship

What does Queer means?

Queer means originally prejorative for gay, now being reclimed by some gay men, lesbians, bisexuals and transgendered persons as a self affirming umbrella term. Extremely offensive when used as an epithet.

________________________________________

Queers migrate from every region, but the essay particularly adress migration from Mexico, Cuba, El Salvador and the Philippines. The essay specifically talks about the lives of queer migrants and what they have been through as a migrant in U.S.   U.S created sexual norms that are gendered, racialized and classed. Lesbians and gay men were legally barred from migration to U.S. The ones who come to U.S mostly kept their lives and expreriences hidden. In 1990, the ban on lesbians and gay men lifted and in 1994 Attorney General Janet Reto deemed that lesbians and gay men were eligible if they apply for asylum and if they had been presecuted for sexuality. Lesbian, gay, trans, and queer migrants continue to face difficulties. 

The text gives the meaning of queer as; "queer is used to mark the fact that many standard sexuality categories were historically formed through specific epistemologies and social relations that upheld colonists, xenophobic, racist and sexist regimes" (xi)

Queer Immigration and Citizenship: A History of Exclusion

 A History of Exclusion part of the essay overviews the history of U.S immigration control system. The term control system was formed to delimit the nation, citizenery, and citizenship. U.S government generated a "regular" immigrant control and the refugee/asylum system. In late 19th century regular immigration control, which means that sovereign nations have right to control the entry of the noncitizens into their territories. This system of control is made to require labor to maintain and reproduce and the nations will be able to turn the immigrants down as they want.

This system is carried out in a discriminatory manner. U.S immigration control has discriminated the immigrants based on sexuality, gender, race, class, and other factors. 

In 1917, some scholars date lesbian and gay exclusion people labeled as "constitutional psychopatic inferiors" were first barred from entering the U.S.

This category included "persons with abnormal sexual instincts" as well as "the moral imbeciles, the pathological liars and swindlers". 

The 1952 McCarran - Walter Act banned the people who have psychopathic personalities. This Walter Act targetted lesbians and gay men and the U.S Senate report related that "the Public Health Service has advised that the provision for the exclusion of aliens afflicted with pschopathic personality or mental defect which appears in the instant bill is sufficiently broad to provide for the exclusion of homosexuals or sex perverts."

The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) in 1950s and 1960s banned the psychopathic personalities and men and women who they thought they were or might become, homosexual.

 In 1965 the immigration law recodified the lesbian and gay exclusion, this time under the ban on "sexual deviates".

In 1990 the exclusion on sexual orientation removed from the immigration law but lesbian and gay immigrants still faced with substantial barriers and there is no realization in equal access. 

For example; the two most common ways to become a legal permanent resident (LPR) are through direct family ties or sponsorship by an employer. But lesbian and gay relationships unlike heterosexual ones are not legitimate for legal permanent resident.

This is reinforced in 1996 by the Defence of Marriage Act, which defines marriage as a relationship between men and women for domestic and immigration purposes. Binational gay and lesbian couples can use the student, tourist and work visas to keep them together but because the financial troubles they ended up seperating or moving to a third country. 

A South Asian lesbian Grace Poore left her home to avoid marriage but ended up marrying a man to have a right to stay in U.S. 

In 1987, U.S immigration law added HIV to the list of dangerous, contagious diseases for which immigrants should be excluded and required and the immigrants must test negative for HIV. Immigration and Nationality Act exclude all HIV positive noncitizens from the U.S.

Lesbian and gay exclusion was a broader federal immigration control regime that is to ensure a "proper" sexual and gender order. 

In 1875 Page Law excluded the Asian women who are thought to be coming to the U.S for "lewd and immoral" purposes. Working class Chinese women were also affected by the law because it is presumed that they were all entering the U.S to work in sex industry, and U.S try to exclude them.

Heteropatriarchal families wanted immigrant women to enter to the U.S with a male protection who seemed "respectable" and could provide support. Also the immigration law provisions against women coming to the U.S for prostitution. The law includes the ban of sexual behaviours and having sex outside of marriage.

Alejandro Velas in 1910s been denied her entry to the U.S becuase she was wearing men's clothes and she has been suspected if she is a lesbian.

In 1920 Ladies Agreement ended the migration of Japanese women getting married with a white American men because it threatens the U.S white supremacy. 

Asylum Seekers

Noncitizens entry has also structed by refuge/asylum system which developed after World War II and in 1990s courts considered and issued the rulings about the significance of gender and sexual identities and practices in establishing eligibility for asylum. Refugee/asylum system is close to the immigration control. Asylum seekers are actually qualified for international protection. 

The market citizens can also become affected by the immigration control and slightly over half of all civil and huan rights violations identified by the American Friends' Service committe in a five year study of immigration control practices at the U.S - Mexico border region were perpetrated against Latinos who were U.S citizens or legal residents. 

Although citizenship involves rights and obligations that are avaliable to all members of national community in the U.S and elsewhere, citizens who are not white, male, able-bodied, property owning faced with difficulties in being a member of a national comminity. "The 1790 naturalization law reserved U.S citizenship for free whites only, and it was onlty 1952 that all formal racial barriers to citizenship were dismantled".
United States and other countries create "bridges for migration". The migration is not usually people from the poorest countries, but also from countries U.S has had close historic tie. People from Mexico, Philippines, and South Korea, who have steadily migrated when during periods of economic growth in their own countries. 

_______________________________________________

LIBERATIONIST NARRATIVES AND REVISIONS

Queer’s searching for freedom in USA but without oppressions they experienced. USA is like land of freedom in which they hope to find new opportunities.Also they are seeking an asylum from the persecution in USA. In 1997, Martin F. Manalansan IV, in his essay he refers to Filipino immigrants who are searching for freedom and they trial for escaping from oppression shaped by a legacies of Us colonization related to economic and political relationships between the USA and Philippines. Philippines were not only searching for freedom in USA but also they were searching alternatives for the circumstances in Philippines. As Manalansan points out about queer migrants like “Queer migrants not simply as sexual objects, but also as racialized,classed,gender subjects of particular regions and nations that exist in various historic relationships to US hegemony”(pg. xxvi). 

   

This issue is also transported to a global field constructed by historic heritage and modern forms. Scholars including Manalansan search for a various way of freedom in USA but this does not mean that they can find it. This searching for freedom and long history of searching it includes connected groups includes ethnic and racial groups, poor and working people,queers and women. Even until 1990 its forbidden for them to enter USA they face undetectable and appreciable discriminations in the immigration system. Olivia Espin studied on how racism,sexism,language,homophobia and this issue of legal status affect Latina lesbian immigrants and for her “Latina migrants frequently and themselves caught between the racism of the dominant society and the sexist expectations of (their) own communit(ies) as they struggle to negotiate identity and community”(pg.xxvi). For Manalansan migrant certain groups cannot be seperated from the bounds and global history. Anne Maguire’s “The Accidental Immigrant” confirms obstacles for lesbian immigrants in feeling USA as their home even fot those who English speaking and white. The ILGO (The Irish Lesbian and Gay Organization was founded to appeal the certain worries of immigrant Irish lesbians and gays. Maguire sums up by saying the parade “is where we our “coming out” took place in Irish America and where we told that we did not belong, nor were we welcome”(pg. xxvii).

“ILGO also resonates with struggles over “out” lesbian, gay, bi, trans, (LGBT) and queer participation in other major ethnic and national parades, such as the Indian Day Parade” (pg.xxviii). Grace Poore explains the fear of the immigration control authorities leads some of the queer immigrants to constraint their activities and associations “We understand why some of us never march on the outside of Gay Pride contingents in case of cameras. Why many of us fear going into bars in case of a raid. Why we only do radio interviews never have our photographs taken”(pg. xxviii).

 As a result of this queer migrations lead to a political activism make people realize and analyze this issues. Queer migrations also contributed to cultural work  like the play of Guillermo Reye called Deporting the Diva, David Roman defines this as “remained undocumented and unexamined”(pg.xxviii). 

·         Roman’s analyses bind  Jose Munoz’s framework of “queer acts” with Lisa Lowe’s theory of “immigrant acts” and this is evaluated by Roman like “both expand theatrical representation and demand critical interrogation of race,gender and sexuality as these intersect with histories of displacement and migration” (pg.xxviii).

·         “Lourdes Arguelles and B. Ruby Rich have charted “the construction of an anti-Castro campaign (in the United States) predicated on Cuba’s repression of homosexual rights” (pg. xxviii).

·         “Such an investigation would need to address not only the points raised by Arguelles and Rich, but also how queer asylum seekers” testimonies are elicited in ways that reinforce dominant nationalism and imperialism without necessarily leading to sanctuary for the individuals concerned”(pg.xxix).

·         “Queer migrants also experience jeopardy based on their status noncitizens a jeopardy that has significantly intensified since the events of September 11,2001” (pg.xxix).

·         John D’Emilio emphasizes the importance of integral immigration after World War II, “when demobilization, new employment opportunities, and the increased sexualization of commerce drew tens of thousands of gay men and lesbians to major U.S. cities”(pg.xxix).

·         Kath Weston explains the “Great Gay Migration” to cities. Gays, lesbians and other identities constructed around urban’s relation symbolics seems as gay issues in the city while converting cities into regions of particular comunities and political power.

·         Lisa Rofel wrote about the men from Beijing, China, who call themselves gay and  are non white and from the middle class and are queer migrants roled as an evidences to globalization’s modernization,westernization and homogenization. “But Rofel challenges challenges the equation of globalization with Westernization and globalization. “As she suggests, globalization is never simply a matter of Western standards entering China or other countries “as an unimpeded cultural flow” that results in homogenization”(pg.xxx).

·         It is redeveloped as “migration as liberation” (pg.xxxi).

 DISCIPLINING QUEER MIGRANTS AND QUERRING RACIAL/ETHNIC                                                                      COMMUNITIES 

Part I: Disciplining Queer Migrants defends historical,strustural analyses of norms and cultural discourses and institutions that influence migrants living in USA.

Part II: Queering Racial/Ethnic Communities defines lives of  queer migrant’s well ethnographic and sociological studies in Miami, San Fransisco, New York which are particular settlement cities for permanent U.S. immigrants.

·         Tim Randazzo’s essay provides a history in 1994 contrary to carceral’s work saying how persecuted gay men, lesbians and transgender people made eligible for asylum applying. “Randazzo shows it also signficantly participates in multiplying distinctions and in equalities among queers nased on gender,race,class and national origin”(pg.xxxii).

·         “Focuses on cases involving Mexican-origin queers, the essay shows how the discourses and practices for processing asylum claims perpetuate, colonialist and binarized conceptions of sexual,racial,gender, and national identities even while transnational processes U.S. and Mexican people,communities, and cultures into ever closer contact”(pg.xxxii).

·         “As these authors suggest the asylum system’s role in perpetuating colonialist imagery has material consequences for U.S. -- Latin American relations, U.S. Latinos, and Latin Americans seeking asylum in the United States”(pg.xxxii).

·         “Siobhan Sommerville focuses on McCarran Walter Act of 1952, which established the framework through which immigration and naturalization remain controlled today, Sommerville inquires into the shifting links between racial and sexual controls in the production of U.S. citizens through naturalization”(pg.xxxii).

·         Eric Rand concludes the essays first part with the thougt about Statue of Liberty(also mentioned as Lady Liberty in the text) as its being an erotic icon and its reclaiming a national symbol’s hegemony into history of queer, situated and centered queerness of the narratives of mainstream immigration.

·         “Part II complements the first part by providing complex analyses of how queer migrant individuals and communities negotiate disciplinary and regulatory structures while simultaneously crafting identities, communities cultural forms and political activism” (pg.xxxiii).

·           The essay also shows the history which has been undiscovered and rejected.

·         “They enormously complicate our understanding of citizenship as lived practice versus legal rights and obligations and the dynamic interplay between these forces”(pg.xxxiii).

·         Cuba and Miami,Florida exists as critically related areas in Susana Pena’s essay.

·         “ Pena analyzes the 1980 Mariel exodus from Cuba as a means for understanding both how queer migrants histories become silenced within official records and how queer migrant histories become silenced within official records and how queer migrant cultures develop”(pg.xxxiv).

·         Manalansan mentions that for those men, citizenship is not the point of “birthright or of romantic dissidence but about survival”(pg.xxxv).   

·         In spite of the fact that citizenship is also debated for these men as whether this all queer men are legal citizens or all migrants are heterosexual. 

Some Video Links To Look At Related To The Subject:

http://vimeo.com/69580628

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lERDjzLjFAw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1piGEAuphOY

 Discussion Questions

• What do you think about asylum system ? Does it have an effective role on queer immigrants or what functions does it have besides sustaining the colonialist image ?
• Do you agree the idea that Queer Migration is powerful and effective enough to eliminate racism besides sexualization ?
• How does migration shaped by sexuality?

______________________________________________

                                                                         Works Cited

Luibhéid, Eithne. Queer Migrations: Sexuality, U.S. Citizenship, and Border Crossings. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota, 2005. Print.

"UrbanDictionary.com." Urban Dictionary. Web. 22 Dec. 2014. <http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=UrbanDictionary.com>.

____________________________________________

Gözde İpek 

Özge Başak

Assassination of Two NYPD Officers

Hi guys,

As some of you may also know, there was an assassination (as it is used in the news) of two policemen by Ismaaiyl Brinsley. I found this internet site which says 5 facts you need to know about him. I think this subject itself is related to our class since it is thought that he killed them for Michael Brown and Eric Garner, however what I've seen in that site was more related to our subject.

http://heavy.com/news/2014/12/ismail-brinsley-nypd-brooklyn-bed-stuy-shooting-suspect/

the fourth fact is that he speaks Arabic. It reminds me the attitude towards Arab-Americans and Arabs after 9/11 and it shows that how that attitude is still alive.

What do you think?

Killing someone could never be justified by saying "it was a vengeance" and I think if the attacks on policemen increases, attacks on the racially different people will also increase. I'm afraid, it is what is going to be though...

-Ezgi ULUSOY

This in itself is racist?

M.G.

UNDERSTANDING AMERICA'S MIGRATION CRISIS: THE HUMAN SIDE OF THE IMMIGRATION

Immigration between Mexico and the United States is part of a historical process of increasing North American integration. The United States continues to resist the integration of the labor markets of the two countries rather than include labor in this new regime. For example, the United States militarized its border and enacted restrictive new policies of immigrant disenfranchisement instead of easing restrictions on Mexican labor. In chapter two, Principles of Operation: Theories of International Migration the authors Douglas S. Massey, Jorge Durand, and Nolan J. Malone provide an overview of international migration theories. They examine the limits to neoclassical economic analyses of migration.

The reasons for immigration seem obvious. There is a huge income differential between Mexico and the United States. For example, even at the U.S minimum wage, an immigrant who works full-time for a year can earn more than three times the Mexican average income. Therefore, policymakers believed that Mexican immigrants decide to come to the United States by making cost-benefit calculations. The late 1980s and early 1990s were a time of restrictive sentiment. The most obvious way to reduce Mexican immigration was to raise the costs and reduce the benefits. Authorities hoped to prevent Mexican immigration but the authors suggest that their policies had little effect on undocumented immigration. They support that the current policies are based on a narrow conceptualization of immigration. 

"The reality of contemporary immigration is considerably more complex than a simple calculus of costs and benefits."

Douglas Massey

According to the authors, there are four basic questions which should be analyzed to have complete understanding about the international migration.

1.     What are the forces in sending societies that promote out-migration and how do they operate?
2.     What are the forces in receiving societies that create a demand for immigrant workers and how do they function?
3.     What are the motivations and goals of the people who respond to these forces by migrating internationally?
4.   What are the social and economic structures that arise in the course of migration to connect sending and receiving societies?

Authors suggest that a simple cost-benefit decision deals only with the third question. In this chapter, they address all these four questions to give a comprehensive explanation for international migration. 

Theories of International Migration

       There are four main theories of international migration. The first one is Neoclassical Economics. Neoclassical economics argues that immigration from one country to another country will occur whenever an individual finds it in their best interest to migrate to another country. For example, immigration from Latin America to the United States is due to the difference in wage levels. 

     A second theory that also helps explain why migration might occur between two countries is the New Economics of Migration Theory. In this line of theoretical reasoning, unlike the neoclassical model, it does not assume that migration decisions are made by isolated actors but that they are taken within larger units of interrelated people, typically families but sometimes entire communities.    In other words, this theory argues that migration is a temporary solution to overcome deficiencies in the markets of the immigrant's country. 

    Third theory is called World Systems Theory which argues that the rise in international migration is a result of globalization. Globalization is the process by which the world economies have become more integrated. For example, when the capitalism arrived in Latin America, several peasants have been unable to compete as peasant farmers as foreign companies have come in and taken over farming markets. This pushed them off their land ans forced many immigrants to seek employment in the United States.

      Fourth theory is called Segmented Labor Market Theory which argues that migration occurs because of the high demand of developed countries for immigrant labor. There are push and pull factors. Migration usually happens as a result of a combination of these push and pull factors.

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                                            The Demand for Immigrants

Michael Piore (1979) has argued that international migration boundaries from a comparably enduring requirement for unskilled labor that is formed into the economic structure of developed nations. Immigration policy shapes immigration patterns, which in turn have a tremendous impact on the demography, culture, economy and politics of a state. “National identity” is important. Moreover, there are four problems of migration. These are structural inflation, social status, labor vs. capital and lack of entry level labor.                    

Why People Continue to Migrate

Immigration’s reasons are diverse. There can also be forces that trigger international movement which are different from these reasons that maintain it. Although there are wage differentials, market failures and structural change might motivate people to move in the first place, new conditions and opportunities arise in the course of migration. A population of humans living in a given area faces certain pressures. Those pressures depend on the size of the population, the resources available and the community's ability to exploit those resources. 

A Schematic Diagram

There are multiple levels of aggregation. It is possible for individuals to engage in cost-benefit calculations; for households to follow to minimize risk and conquer barriers to capital and credit; for both households and individuals to draw upon social capital to ease international movement. There is an international migration emerges in the economic, social and political shifts that accompany the expansion of markets. Moreover, households coping with the jarring transformations of economic development also use international migration as a means of overcoming frequent failures in markets for labor, capital, insurance and credit.

The immigration’s main reason is obviously education besides finding a new job. There are many illegal students in United States. Because of the better education, people have to leave their own country but as a result of this, undocumented immigrants’ rate is increased. “Fitting into the crowd” is seriously difficult.

America has an immigration problem and there are many immigrants in United States. Unfortunately just focusing on the economy, does not solve this problem. Actually according to Douglas Massey, there is something really wrong with immigration policies. Authorities thought that push and pull factors are the reason of immigration of Mexican people. So there is a reducing of benefit and increasing of cost. The result is: “undocumented immigrants”. The reverse effect came out because government just thought the neo-classical economics.

         It is true that United States is a diverse country and immigration is necessary for finding a new job, for a better education. It is not easy to leave the home country but people do not have a choice about that and I think that both Mexican-Americans, African- Americans and other immigrants need to have a citizenship documentary and they should have rights to live in U.S.

         For example, if I give an example from my own family, my mother’s racial background is based on Albania. My mother’s grandmother is Albanian and I know the struggle and the pain of immigration problem. It has also a psychological effect on people. Economic problems are surely important but government should not just focus on the neo-classical economics.

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           Of course, under this text, there lays an important issue related to our discussions in a broader context. Recent history of U.S. immigration policies and tactics to restrict unauthorized immigration were actually political rather than prudent and led to an increase in the country's undocumented population. Laws and policies which were enacted to reduce the number of undocumented immigrants in the US actually had the opposite effect.   The spent money was wasted and the number of undocumented residents continued to increase. Today, America still tries to deal with immigration in a reactionary way instead of solving the problems or issues.

“Shifting from a goal of immigration suppression to one of immigration management with an emphasis on integration and legalization of workers and residents is the only way to break with the failed policies of the past. “

Douglas Massey

        Illegality is now the biggest discouragement to the successful integration of Latinos. This immigration policy does nothing to address the factors which increase undocumented immigration. If Americans can voice their discomfort with this approach, policymakers would begin cooperating more with the Mexican government to reduce the migration pressures. 

            Roy Germano who holds a Ph.D. in political science from the University of Texas at Austin has conducted extensive research in the Mexican countryside with support from the National Science Foundation. He made a documentary movie called The Other Side of Immigration which emerged from his research. Here is the trailer of the movie.

 “The Other Side of Immigration does more than any other work to
give people otherwise disparaged as ‘threatening’ and ‘illegal’ a human face”

- Douglas S. Massey

This movie asks why so many Mexicans have left home to work in the United States and what’s happened to the families and communities they’ve left behind. 

            U.S policies against illegal immigration cause serious struggles than we imagined to these people because they are actually in danger. Roy Germano and his crew traveled to San Pedro Sula which is the most violent and second largest city in Honduras to find out why so many families and young people are risking it all to migrate illegally to the US. 

click the link : https://news.vice.com/video/immigrant-america-murder-and-migration-in-honduras

     People should feel more connected to a population which they may have misunderstood or do not know very much about. They should realize that most people (Mexican or American, citizen or immigrant) are more similar than they are different. They are motivated to survive and take care of their families as all human beings. Immigration laws are not matter if one’s family is hungry. Americans should put themselves in the shoes of immigrants and feel uncomfortable with an immigration policy whose primary aim is to restrict the entry. The immigration cannot be stopped with walls or border guards. I think that working to improve the Mexican economy should be America’s national interest because many social and economic problems associated with undocumented immigration shows that Mexico’s problems are indeed America’s problems as well. Ignoring Mexico’s problems and trying to hide them behind a border cannot help anyone.

***QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT***

Do you think the immigration to the United States should be considered as a right or a privilege?

If migration is seen as a means of survival, is survival a choice or a necessity?

Should the government use its resources to take care of “its own” rather than care for those from other countries (like Mexicans)?

Do you think that the U.S has a responsibility towards Mexican people considering that the U.S is bound to Mexico by geography, history, demography, and economics?

What do you think about Douglas Massey’s argument? Is he right about his solution to the immigration crisis? ( He supports that America should help Mexico to grow economically instead of wasting the money on border patrol and deportation mechanisms which, he believes, would bring prosperity and stability.)

ADDITIONAL VIDEOS AND WEBSITES

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_fzmVSZZdQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhKdA7xpjOc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OB5waY-HZ1 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFd5AkSH3NI

http://roygermano.com/videos/

WORKS CITED

Massey, Douglas S., and Jorge Durand. "The Principles of Operation: Theories of International Migration." Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration.            New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002. Print

**BURCU KARATEKELI

**EZGI DOGAN